Water well drilling here consists of repeatedly dropping a long, cylindrical bale with a bit on the end down the hole, then periodically adding water to make a slurry with the fractured soil/rock and lifting it out in the bale.
Our two deep wells (casings about 5", IIRC), which go down roughly 100' and 150', each produced enough material to seal a large kiddy pool, if it had all been suitable clay.