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I am looking to diversify my food chain particularly for my RES. I am getting ready to add grass shrimp in a couple weeks. I was also pondering adding clams. I know RES love snails, which this pond already has plenty of native ones. The first species of clam I was thinking of adding are the non-native Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea. It is a golden color on the outside with some chipping that is white. It reaches a maximum size of about 1.5 inches and will do quite well in ponds, even clay and mud bottomed ones. Now I would be more concerned about using a non-native species but this species is already quite common in the watershed this pond is in, so I will not be adding something somewhere it isn't already... Here is a Link about them for those not familiar with them. I have heard RES love to eat them, particularly the smaller ones. My biggest concern is how they would affect the water quality? Remove too much phytoplankton and affect the zooplankton and reduce their numbers affecting the smaller sunfish which would be using this as a food source... The second species would be the pond fingernail clam, Musculium securis. This is a native species, and as indicated in the common name is only attains a maximum size of about the size of a fingernail. Collecting from wild sources, so that would be the method of stocking... Any thoughts on the matter?
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I am very interested in this topic Travis. Benefits I can see are serving as additional forage for my RES and also potentially increasing visibility in ponds. I never thought about their impact on zoo or phytoplankton, however. I am looking forward to info here...
Many men go fishing all of their lives without knowing that it is not fish they are after. ~ Henry David Thoreau
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Lunker
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It may be worth a try, but if I was looking to fatten up res particularly, I would go with a sinking pellet. Mix some in with the floating feed and suspend a net or something near the bottom to catch the sinking ones. I have caught several res on surface flies and some in traps baited with fish feed late this winter/early spring. As a matter of fact, think I will try and find some. Luckily Rangens and Burris are near. Last I tried Rangen, it was too late in the year for them to be making it. They would have to crack a lot of clams to get much protein. Hey, we all like feisty, bloodthirsty redears(chinkypins).
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I am trying to go the non feeding route. I don't have anything against it, but I like the idea of a natural food chain.
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Im also interested in what everybody thinks,as Im thinking of adding them too.Its been discussed before,but I dont remember any decision of whether it was good or bad.
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I think forage diversity is an important key to a healthy pond. Pay close attention to the little guys, and the big ones will thrive.
Having said that, we both know there are often unintended effects from adding or removing any species. For example, can clams be a parasite vector? As for phytoplankton depletion, I doubt that would be a problem unless your pond's bottom was densely covered with clams. If your water becomes too clear, you can always fertilize.
Interesting project CJ, and I hope you'll keep us posted.
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Personally, I'd stay with native species. The Fingernails would provide forage for a greater portion of their life cycle than the Asians due to their size at adulthood.
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I thought that the protein content of clams was quite high? Not to mention the spinoffs of increased reproductive activity from the RES! Very interested to see what people have to say about this.
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Last edited by ewest; 04/15/09 12:03 PM.
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I have lots of freshwater mussels in my pond up to 4" long. No RES have been stocked, but maybe in the future since I also have crawfish. I think they improve my water quality and the pond stayed a nice healthy green tint all of last spring and summer. The racoons sure like them.
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Good links Eric. I am particularly interested in how clams compete for and affect the plankton community in a pond. I like the Asian clam and fingernail clam because neither gets overly large like many of the native mussels do. Also, they do not have a parasitic stage. They are both well adapted to pond life and the mud/clay substrate that the majority of the pond they'll be going into is.
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Eric
Do you think one would find water clarity increasing with the addition of fingernail or asiatic clams?
Many men go fishing all of their lives without knowing that it is not fish they are after. ~ Henry David Thoreau
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I thought that the protein content of clams was quite high? Not to mention the spinoffs of increased reproductive activity from the RES! Very interested to see what people have to say about this. I am sure the clams are high protein, but a clam with shell the size of a fingernail cant have much meat in it. Can it? May be wrong. I would think small fish forage would be better, and mullosks just happen to be on the menu. Dont see how they could effect the plankton base too much living on bottom, unless always in shallow water. Again, just thinking and talking. Dont know squat about the habits of pond snaila and clams.
Last edited by burgermeister; 04/15/09 07:52 PM.
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Be very careful about adding Corbicula to ponds especialy if the pond has an overflow pipe or siphon. Corbicula is notorious for clogging intake structures and cooling towers. I am sure they will also clog out flow structures. Corbicula can in proper conditions become very abundant in small areas which would mean they would filter pond water to the point of negatively impacting the balance of the food chain. IMO addition of the native fingernail calms would be a much better addition to a pond's ecosystem than Corbicula - asian clams. NOTE: species in the genus Corbicula are true clams and not mussels as in freshwater mussels. There are distinct morphological differences between clams and mussels.
Last edited by Bill Cody; 04/15/09 08:11 PM.
aka Pond Doctor & Dr. Perca Read Pond Boss Magazine - America's Journal of Pond Management
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Bill, that is why I mentioned them by name. They are very different than our native mussels and there was no information on them in Pond Boss that I could find. They are extremely abundant in the Potomac River watershed. I collect them, crack them and use them to fish for catfish and often catch other fish on them as well. My biggest concern is as you mentioned, them becoming overly abundant and over filtering the pond and impacting the balance of the food chain... If the pond has a high nutrient load from negative run off sources, could the clams be beneficial in keeping algal blooms etc under control?
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I was doing more research of my own on the subject of clams as forage and in particular what do redears like to eat; when I came across an old post by Dr. Bruce titled: "Snails, Redears and Kingfishers" from 2004... Attention Pondmeisters!... I would appreciate any input I can get. What do snails eat? What type of water chemistry do snails like? Can redears grow huge on just snails? Has any pondmeister seen a really big redear that was caught from a small body of water? Without an avian vector like Kingfishers, will snails still contribute to parasitic infections of fish? Who's a good person to contact that might deliver (ship) me one to two thousand 1-inch redears next May or June? Thanks in advance!!!! By the way, my redears love the nightcrawlers that I've acquired. I just can't afford this strategy forever. In it Cecil responded with: Bruce, Here is what I know, which is not much: Snails eat algae, aquatic plants, bacteria, bottom detrius, etc. I have also seen them feeding on dead fish carcasses. Bill Cody should be able to back this up or correct me. Not sure about water chemistry but I would assume they need calcium in the water to build their shells so it would seem hard water is a plus. I would assume redears can grow huge on snails as it is a main part of their diet. I'm sure you know they have crusher teeth at the back of their buccal cavity to crush shells. See this site for info on the relationship of the new world record redear and snails: http://realindy.com/recordfish.htm From the above link, I read this, "Amos M. Gay and his new all-tackle world record redear sunfish (shellcracker) from Santee Cooper Diversional Canal, caught in August, 1998. The fish weighed 5 lbs. 7.5 ozs. and topped another fish from the same fishing hole by 3.5 ozs. The fishing hole where Gay caught this fish has produced at least three redear over 5 lbs. It is located where the canal meets Lake Moultrie. The area was intensively sprayed to remove vegetation, and the resulting bare bottom became the perfect home for an unnamed species of Asiatic shellfish. The shellfish are, of course, dinner for shellcrackers, and redear feeding in this area experience phenomenal growth and weight gain. If the shellfish are the infamous zebra mussels, redear appear to offer a perfect solution to control. Reduced zebra mussel expansion and big redear in one package!" Further research found that it was not the zebra mussel the writer was referring to as they are not found in South Carolina nor are they of Asiatic origin, but rather the Asian clam, the species I mentioned in my original post. So it would appear Asian clams are a highly preferred food source for RES, allowing them to grow to record sizes. Perhaps knowing the downsides to this species and keeping them in mind, stocking these clams may in fact be a way to grow very big RES! Bruce, perhaps if you are still looking for a food source for your RES, this may be it?
Last edited by CJBS2003; 04/17/09 03:07 AM. Reason: Redid the post with more information...
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Be very careful about adding Corbicula to ponds especialy if the pond has an overflow pipe or siphon. Corbicula is notorious for clogging intake structures and cooling towers. I am sure they will also clog out flow structures. Bill, since Asian clams do not have byssus, do not attach to rocks or other materials but rather bury into sediments, unlike zebra mussels which do. How do they clog intake and or outflow pipes if they unable to attach themselves to such structures? I have kept them in aquariums and have actually had them reproduce in them and they never attach to anything, just stay buried in the sand and gravel.
Last edited by CJBS2003; 04/17/09 03:24 AM. Reason: redo
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Interesting topic. Unfortunately Bill, Eric, Burgermeister and others know a lot more about this than I do. I'm flattered that you overestimated me though CJBS2003.
Last edited by Cecil Baird1; 04/17/09 10:29 AM.
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Here you go CJ. There is more but will let you digest this first.
Use of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula leana Prime,
in Toxicity Tests -The Progressive Fish-Culturist 1976;38:10–10
Ralph M. Burress and Jack H. Chandler Jr.,
Southeastern Fish Control Laboratory
C. leana is the most resistant of the bivalves we have
exposed to fishery chemicals and is more resistant than
most invertebrates. Any toxic substance applied to
water which kills C. leana might eliminate most other
invertebrates.
This exotic clam will probably continue to invade
and to thrive in other streams and may ultimately
crowd out indigenous mollusks -- especially where
water quality is deteriorating. C. leana has created
economic problems for industry by plugging water
lines, blocking valves, and contaminating gravel. Consequently
we encourage its use as a test organism, not
only because it is a highly satisfactory test animal but
also because such tests may lead to the discovery of a
chemical method for controlling its spread.
Modified Venturi Suction Sampler for Collecting
Asiatic Clams --The Progressive Fish-Culturist Volume 41, Issue 3 (July 1979) pp. 121–123
Jack S. Mattice
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
and
Wheldon Bosworth
The Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp., has been exl•anding
its range in the United States at a rapid rate since the
first record of its presence in 1938 (Burch 1944), and has
become a major fouling organism and a common
member of the freshwater benthic community in many
areas. The early emphasis on documenting the invasion
of the United States by this organism (Sinclair and Isom
1963; Dundee and Harman 1963; Britton and Murphy
1977) has shifted toward investigation of its life history,
distributional limits, population biology, and community
interactions. Because such studies generally require
accurate density estimates, adequate sampling
techniques that are useful in a variety of substrates
would be helpful. Density estimates of Corbicula have
previously been made by using a variety of gear types
and techniques, including the widely used Ekman (Fast
1971; Rinne 1974) or Peterson grabs (Sinclair and Ingram
1961; Lenat and Weiss 1973; Aldridge and Mc-
Mahon 1976), specialty gear such as that used for sampling
soft sediment bars in the Delta-Mendota canal (Prokopovich
1966), or by handpicking an area of bottom in
shallow water (Anon. 1976) or recently exposed by reservoir
drawdown (Rinne 1974). None of these sampling
techniques, however, is capable of quantitative
sampling over the full range of depths and substrate
types where Corbicula is found (Gardner et al. 1976),
and all are particularly poor at sampling rock and
gravel, gravel, or cobble substrates (Kajak 1971) where
the density of clams may be highest (Sinclair and Isom
1963; Clench and Stansbery 1969; O'Kane 1976).
Corbicula as a Biological Filter and Polyculture Organism in
Catfish Rearing Ponds --
The Progressive Fish-Culturist Article: pp. 136–139
JOSEPH K. BUTTNER 1
Department of Zoology and
Fisheries Research Laboratory
Southern Illinois University
Abstract.--Corbiculafi uminea, an introducedA sian
clam, was stockedw ith channelc atfish( Ictalurusp unctatus)
in Illinois culture ponds. Survival of the stocked
clams was 36-79% over summer, but reproduction was
poor and the populationsd eclined.N everthelessp, onds
with Corbicula had less dissolved oxygen depletion, lower
turbidity,a nd greaterp rimaryp roductiont han ponds
without the clam. Growth of channel catfish was unaffectedb
y the presenceo r absenceo f clams.C orbicula
fiumineah asp otentialv aluea s a polycultureo rganism
and as a biological filter where water temperatures do
not exceed 30øC.
•
Corbicula fluminea (a clam introduced from
Asia) has been viewed commonly as a liability in
the United States (Sinclair and Isom 1963; Eng
1979). However, many of its features indicate potential
as a biological filter and polyculture organism.
Corbicula can survive, grow, and reproduce
in fish ponds (Buttner and Heidinger 1980; Buttner
1981; Buttner, in press). It is more tolerant of commonly
used aquaculture chemicals than most fishes
(Chandler and Marking 1979). Corbicula exhibits
high fecundity, has a prolonged period of
reproduction, and lacks the parasitic glochidia stage
characteristic ofunionids (Sinclair and Isom 1963;
Britton et al. 1979). Corbicula has a high filtration
rate (Buttner and Heidinger 1981), can effectively
harvest detritus, bacteria, and phytoplankton (Sinclair
and Isom 1963), and exhibits rapid growth
(Britton et al. 1979; Buttner and Heidinger 1980).
The soft tissue of Corbicula is approximately 45%
protein by dry weight (Haines 1979), and commercial
markets exist for the clam as fish bait, for
use in the aquarium trade, as food for domesti
cared animals, and for human consumption (Chen
1976; Sickel et al. 1981; Britton and Sickel 1982).
The potential of Corbicula as a biological filter
and polyculture organism was evaluated, and the
results are presented in this paper.
Methods
Combinations of clams and channel catfish (Ictalurus
punctatus) were evaluated in four 0.06-
hectare earthen ponds located in Jackson County,
Illinois, during 1977 and 1979. During both years
two test ponds received Corbicula and two control
ponds received no Corbicula; fingerling channel
catfish were stocked in all four ponds. In 1977,
clams of 10 to 42 mm shell length were stocked
in two ponds at 828 and 1,010 kg/hectare; in 1979,
clams were again stocked in the ponds at 1,222
and 1,717 kg/hectare. In April 1977, each of the
four ponds was stocked with 300 channel catfish
fingerlings averaging 49 g; in May 1979, each pond
again received 302 fingerlings averaging 60 g. In
both years, catfish were fed number 6 Purina Trout
Chow at 2% body weight daily, 6 d/week. Feeding
rates were adjusted weekly and all ponds received
equivalent quantities of feed. Dissolved oxygen,
net diurnal production, water temperature, pH,
turbidity, alkalinity, and nitrogenous wastes were
monitored; survival and reproductive success of
Corbicula were determined; and effect of Corbicula
on catfish survival, growth, and feed conversion
was examined (Buttner 1981; Buttner, in press).
Alkalinity averaged 84 mg/L and pH averaged 7.4.
Water temperature at dawn averaged 25øC (range
15-32øC) and at dusk averaged 28øC (range 18-
34øC); dissolved oxygen at dawn approximated
50% saturation and by late afternoon approached
or exceeded 100% saturation. Ponds were harvested
and drained in October 1977 and 1979.
Unless stated otherwise, all analyses were conducted
using the GLM package of the Statistical
Analysis System (Helwig and Council 1979).
Results and Discussion
Corbicula survived and reproduced in catfish
ponds, but recruitment was not sufficient to mainrain
stock density. Survival of stocked Corbicula
averaged 36% in 1977 and 79% in 1979. Reproductive
successo f Corbiculaw as indicated by the
presence of several larval clams less than 0.02 mm
in shell length, identified from 10 zooplankton collections
taken between August and October 1979.
Survival of larval Corbicula was poor and very
few young-of-the-yearc lamsw ere collecteda t harvest.
Adult Corbicula survived Karmex at 1 mg/L,
used to control aquatic vegetation; Batex at 0.25
mg/L, used to eliminate crayfish; and rotenone at
2 mg/L, used to kill contaminant fish.
No significant differences (P > 0.05) in survival
or growth of channel catfish were observed between
ponds with and without Corbicula, but •vater
quality was improved in ponds with Corbicula
(Table 1). Dissolved oxygen at dawn was greater,
incidence of dissolved oxygen below 3 mg/L was
lower, rate of primary production was higher, and
turbidity was lower in ponds with Corbicula. Nitrogenous
wastes were sometimes greater in ponds
with Corbicula. Trends were similar in both 1977
and 1979.
Habel (1970) and Busch (1974) observed that
Corbicula clams, stocked at 6,860 to 40,860 kg/
hectare in 0.0007-hectare pools, were associated
with decreasedt urbidity, increasedc hannel catfish
survival, and increased mean weight of catfish.
More recently, Haines (1979) observed that turbidity
of sewage effluent was lower in the presence
of Corbicula. However, as in the present study,
clam mortality was high and probably was related
to an intolerance to elevated temperatures and low
oxygen. Corbicula uptake of oxygen decreases
greatly between 25 and 30øC; at these temperatures
the rate of uptake at 70% oxygen saturation is half
that in waters at 100% saturation (Mattice and Dye
1979; McMahon 1979). Water temperatures in excess
of 33øC produce mortalities (McMahon and
Aidridge 1976).
Based on these observations, the greatest potential
of Corbicula as a biological filter and polyculture
organism would be in systems with cooler
temperatures and higher dissolved oxygen than
commonly found in channel catfish ponds. The
clam should be introduced only in waters where
temperatures rarely exceed 30øC and dissolved
oxygen is greater than 50% saturation. In such a
system, Corbicula could be stocked on the substratum
of earthen ponds or possibly in cages suspended
in slowly circulating water. Corbicula may
be useful in promotion of water quality in discharge
canals, after secondary treatment of sewage,
or in the effluent of fish raceways. Polyculture with
cool water fishes such as striped bass (Morone saxatilis),
walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), sauger (S.
canadense), and yellow perch (Perca fiavescens)
may be possible because optimum temperatures
for these species range from 22øC to 28øC (Hokansen
1977; Coutant and Carroll 1980). These
temperatures more closely approximate the optimal
temperature for Corbicula than does the optimal
temperature for channel catfish (30øC: NRC
1977). Prior to extensive use of Corbicula in polyculture
systems, its effect on nitrogenous wastes
should be identified.
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledget he assistancep rovided
by the Department of Zoology and the Fisheries
Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University
at Carbondale. The study was supported,
in part, by a grant from Sigma Xi, the Scientific
Research Society.
References
Britton, J. C., D. R. Coldiron, L. P. Evans, Jr., C. Go*
lightly, K. D. O'Kane, and J. R. TenEych. 1979.
Reevaluation of the growth pattern in Corbiculafiuminea
(Miiller). Pages 177-192 in J. C. Britton, editor.
First international Corbicula symposium. Texas
Christian University, Fort Worth.
Britton, J. C., and J. B. Sickel. 1982. From the editor.
Corbicula Newsletter 7:2.
Busch, R.L. 1974. Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis
Philippi, as biological filters in channel catfish Ictalurus
punctatus (Rafinesque) cultures. Master's
thesis. Auburn University, Alabama.
Buttner, J. K. 1981. Asiatic clam in channel catfish
rearing ponds: its biology and its effect on water
quality. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale.
Buttner, J. K. In press. Biology of Corbicula in catfish
rearing ponds. J. C. Britton, editor. Second international
Corbicula symposium. Little Rock, Arkansas.
Buttnet, J. K., and R. C. Heidinger. 1980. Seasonal
variations in growth of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fluminea, in a southern Illinois fish pond. Nautilus
94:8-10.
Butmet, J. K., and R. C. Heidinger. 1981. Filtration
rate of the Asiatic clam, Corbiculafiuminea. Transactions
of the Illinois State Academy of Science 74:
13-17.
Chandler, J. H., Jr., and L. L. Marking. 1979. Toxicity
of fishery chemicals to the Asiatic clam, Corbicula
fiuminea. Progressive Fish-Culturist 41:148-150.
Chen, T.P. 1976. Culture of the freshwater clam, Corbicula
fiuminea. Pages 107-110 in Aquacultural
practices in Taiwan. Page Brothers, Norwich, England.
Coutant, C. C., and D. S. Carroll. 1980. Temperatures
occupiedb y ten ultrasonic-taggeds triped bass in
freshwater lakes. Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 109:195-202.
Eng, L.L. 1979. Population dynamics of the Asiatic
clam, Corbiculafiuminea (Miiller), in the concretelined
Delta-Mendota canal of central California.
Pages 40-68 in J. C. Britton, editor. Proceedings
first international Corbicula symposium. Texas
Christian University, Fort Worth.
Habel, M.L. 1970. Oxygenc oncentrationt, emperature
tolerance, and filtration rate of the introduced Asiatic
clam Corbicula manilensis from the Tennessee
River. Master's thesis. Auburn University, Alabama.
Haines,K .C. 1979. The useo f Corbiculaa sa clarifying
agenti n experimentalt ertiary sewagetr eatmentp rocess
on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Pages 165-
176 in J. C. Britton, editor. Proceedings first international
Corbicula symposium. Texas Christian
University, Fort Worth.
Helwig, J. T., and K. A. Council. 1979. SAS user's
guide. SAS (Statistical Analysis System) Institute,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
Hokanson, K. E.F. 1977. Temperature requirements
of some percids and adaptations to the seasonal temperature
cycle. Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada 34:1524-1550.
Mattice, J. S., and C. C. Dye. 1976. Thermal tolerance
of the adult Asiatic clam. Corbicula Newsletter 2: 8.
McMahon, R. F. 1979. Response to temperature and
hypoxia in the oxygen consumption of the introduced
Asiatic freshwater clam Corbicula fiuminea
(Miiller). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
A, Comparative Physiology 63:383-388.
McMahon, R. F., and D. W. Aidridge. 1976. Respiratory
responsesto temperature and low oxygent ension
in Corbicula manilensis, Philippi. Corbicula
Newsletter 1:6.
NRC (National Research Council). 1977. Nutrient requirements
of warmwater fishes. NRC, Subcommittee
on Warmwater Fishes, National Academy of
SciencesW, ashington,D .C.
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Good stuff Eric... I have found them anywhere from sandy gravel bars in the brackish areas of the Potomac River, to silt bottomed reservoir shores to muddy pond shores, so they are quite adaptable. I think they may be a good addition to ponds where people are feeding there fish as well...
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Moderator Ambassador Field Correspondent Lunker
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CJBS - The first article provided by Eric stated "C. leana has created economic problems for industry by plugging water lines, blocking valves, and contaminating gravel." C. leana is not C. flumenia but a very similar species in the same genus. I'm not sure of the mechanism that the clam uses to grow in pipe or wet areas but I do know that the Duquesne Light Co in Shippingport PA annually removed them by the dump truck loads from their cooling towers.
My real or main fear for them in a pond is for them to become overly abundant and decimate the food chain due to overfiltering the water. It is also a possibility that the concentrated hight fertility from their manure deposits due to very high numbers could cause nuisance algae blooms. I would want to first try them in small easily drainable ponds before turning them lose into a larger pond. Also use of them as an exotic speices outside their current geographical range would cause undue problems in local water sheds. Nature has many ways of distributing its creatures.
Last edited by Bill Cody; 04/17/09 08:43 PM.
aka Pond Doctor & Dr. Perca Read Pond Boss Magazine - America's Journal of Pond Management
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I would definitely not use them in areas where they are not already introduced which isn't an issue for me since they are already found commonly in the Potomac River drainage. I am still curious how they clog things up without byssus. I think I may add them to a smaller pond and see what they do. I think their value as RES food is worth the effort.
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My concern was not so much with you and your location but with others wanting and using them outside the clams current distribution range. I think what happens is the clam is able to establish itself in a crack or crevice and the population somehow builds on itself and increases. I'm not sure of the specific physical development but evidently it does occur. I've lost contact with my co-workers that worked directly with the Corbicula at the DL Power Plant so I cannot right now provide any more than what Eric noted above.
Last edited by Bill Cody; 04/17/09 08:41 PM.
aka Pond Doctor & Dr. Perca Read Pond Boss Magazine - America's Journal of Pond Management
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I'll look into it more before I make a final decision. The last anyone wants are a bunch of clams clogging their pipes up. I definitely don't want anyone introducing the clams where they aren't already found...
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Lunker
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Isnt the idea that the RES will forage on them enough to keep the numbers down? If they are catching 5#+ redears where they are abundant, the redears must be hitting them pretty hard. Maybe finding more about their reproductive potential would be worthwhile.
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Koi
by PAfarmPondPGH69, October 22
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