In my opinion it takes abundant forage, limited competition for that forage, good water quality, time, and possibly to a lesser degree, a fish with all the right stuff to begin with (genetics).
I'm not a Bass kind of guy, but all of my management strategies revolve around those five items, and how best to leverage them to my (and my fishes), advantage.
Seems to me that Bob Lusk's book "Raising Trophy Bass" would make for some excellent reading in this regard also...