Sarc - any chance that the mystery-stuff looked like this picture?
Blue-Green Algae If so, you probably had a blue-green algae bloom coming on - which crashed due to the dramatic temperature change caused by the surface-cooling effect of the rain.
Several algae species are fairly sensitive to weather fluctuations (temperatures, cloudiness, etc.) For that reason, it is risky to allow or encourage too much algae growth in a pond. A crashing algae population (due to weather or over-application of algaecides) can also crash the pond's oxygen level.