Good question, and although I hate this answer, "it depends". Chlorine is unstable in water so with adequate circulation, it would dissipate into the atmosphere, eventually.

It would definitely inflict some damage before. One, it would disrupt the nitrogen cycle, which wouldn't make your pond all that attractive to swim in for weeks, maybe months, possibly longer, I don't know? Depends on how much volume in your pond and how much chlorine and 2,758 other variables.

Your best recourse is to identify the source of your nutrients for the algae bloom. How is all the phosphorous, nitrogen, iron, zinc and manganese getting into your pond to cause the algae blooms? Identify the problem first, then, and only then, can you solve it.