The hoses on my diaphragm pumps attach by sliding directly over the outlets with a spring clamp holding them in place.

They've come loose a couple of times, so I'd like a more secure connection.

Would it be possible/advisable to cut a thread on the outlets and connect hoses with standard pipe fittings?

NPT 3/8" looks like a good candidate -
the outer diameter is 0.675" (17.145mm), only slightly less than the outlet diameter (approx 18mm).